- Police inquiry (inquérito policial)
- An investigation carried out by the police to establish the facts. It is not yet a criminal case: nobody is a defendant at this stage.
- Summons (intimação)
- An official notice calling someone to a procedural act — such as a statement or a hearing — or informing them of a decision.
- Arrest in the act (flagrante)
- The arrest of someone caught committing a crime or right after it. It must be reported to the judge immediately.
- Custody hearing
- The appearance of the arrested person before a judge, as a rule within 24 hours, to check whether the arrest was lawful and decide whether it should continue.
- Pretrial detention (prisão preventiva)
- Detention ordered before a final conviction, only in the cases provided by law and on concrete grounds. It is not an early sentence.
- Indictment (denúncia)
- The document in which the Public Prosecutor formally charges someone with a crime. When the judge accepts it, the criminal case begins.
- Defendant (réu)
- A person facing a criminal case. Being a defendant does not mean being guilty: the presumption of innocence applies until the end of the case.
- Habeas corpus
- A constitutional remedy that protects freedom of movement against illegality or abuse of power.
- Safe-conduct order (salvo-conduto)
- A court order that protects someone from being arrested or prosecuted for a specific conduct — for example, authorized medical cultivation.
- Plea arrangement for minor offenses (transação penal)
- An agreement offered for minor offenses at the Special Criminal Court, which avoids prosecution if certain conditions are met.
- Non-prosecution agreement (ANPP)
- An agreement with the Public Prosecutor, available for certain crimes committed without violence or serious threat, which avoids prosecution if the conditions are met.
- Statute of limitations (prescrição)
- The loss of the State's power to punish due to the passage of time. Time limits vary by crime and can be interrupted.
- Protective order (medida protetiva)
- A court order to protect a person facing violence, such as a restraining order. Breaching it is a crime.
- Final judgment (trânsito em julgado)
- The point at which no further appeal can be filed against a decision.